Dai Nippon Printing (DNP) is one of the world's largest comprehensive printing companies, with annual sales of approximately US$12.88 billion and 35,000 employees (as of March 31, 2006). DNP's wide range of businesses includes publication printing, commercial printing, smart cards, business forms, network businesses and electronic components. DNP started smart card R&D in 1981 and its smart card business covers card operating system development, card application development, card manufacturing as well as bureau services.